Childhood Vaccines – Kiddivax

POLIOMYELITIS – ‘POLIO’
VARICELLA – ‘CHICKENPOX’
PERTUSSIS – ‘WHOOPING COUGH’
TUBERCULOSIS – ‘TB’
DIPHTHERIA
TETANUS – ‘LOCKJAW’
ROTAVIRUS
MUMPS
HEPATITIS A
HEPATITIS B
RUBELLA – ‘GERMAN MEASLES’
MEASLES
INFLUENZA – ‘FLU’
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS – ‘HPV’
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B – ‘HIB’
PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE

POLIOMYELITIS – ‘POLIO’

Viral infection affecting the central nervous system; usually leads to paralysis; caused by the polio virus²

How it spreads^2,4

The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth

Signs and Symptoms²

Asymptomatic
Low grade fever
Sore throat
Stiffness of the neck, back and/or legs
Severe muscle aches

Complications^2,4

Paralysis
Aseptic meningitis (infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord)
Can lead to death

VARICELLA - ‘CHICKENPOX’

Viral infection; highly contagious; caused by varicella-zoster virus⁵

How it spreads^6,7

Touching
Breathing in the virus particles from chickenpox blisters
Tiny droplets from air

Signs and Symptoms⁹

Itchy, fluid-filled blisters all over body
Fever
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Headache

Complications⁷

Infection of the lungs¹¹
Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord⁴
Bleeding problems
Infection of the blood¹²
Dehydration

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms: 10 – 21 days

PERTUSSIS - ‘WHOOPING COUGH’

Bacterial infection: highly contagious; caused by Bordetella pertussis¹³

How it spreads¹⁴

Only spread from person to person, through sneezing or coughing

Signs and Symptoms¹⁵

Slowed or stopped breathing (skin may turn blue)^16,17
Coughing fits followed by a high-pitched “whoop”
Vomiting after coughing¹⁸
Many rapid coughs¹⁹

Complications²⁰

Babies and Children:¹¹ Infection of the lungs, slowed or stopped breathing, violent and uncontrolled shaking, brain disease^11,16

Teens and Adults:¹¹Weight loss, loss of bladder control

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ 5 – 10 days¹⁵

TUBERCULOSIS – ‘TB’

Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis²¹

How it spreads²²

TB of the lungs: through the air (e.g. speaking or coughing). Can be infectious

Signs and Symptoms²³

Cough
Reduced playfulness, weakness or lethargy, failure to thrive
Weight loss
Fever and/or night sweats

Complications^23,24,25

Can spread through the whole body, which can lead to other organs being infected,but mostly the lungs (70% – 80%)

DIPHTHERIA

Bacterial infection; caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; can cause a thick whitish covering at the back of the throat²⁶

How it spreads²⁶

Spreads via respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing

Signs and Symptoms²⁸

Weakness
Sore throat
Fever
Swollen glands in the neck

Complications²⁹

Blocking of the airway
Damage to the heart muscle
Nerve damage
Paralysis
Kidney failure
Can lead to death

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ 2 – 5 days²⁷

TETANUS – ‘LOCKJAW’

Bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and can cause painful muscle contractions³⁰

How it spreads³¹

Bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure and enter the body through cuts or puncture wounds

Signs and Symptoms^30,32

Headache
Jaw cramping
Muscle spasms – often in the stomach
Muscle stiffness/pain
Trouble swallowing
Seizures (jerking or staring)
Fever and sweating
High Blood Pressure
Fast heart rate

Complications³²

Uncontrolled/involuntary tightening of the vocal cords
Broken bones
Infection of the lungs
Breathing difficulty
Can lead to death

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ 3 – 21 days³¹

ROTAVIRUS

Viral infection: contagious and can cause gastroenteritis³³

How it spreads^34-36

Children can spread it before and after they have diarrhoea

The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth^2,3

Signs and Symptoms³⁶

Severe watery diarrhoea
vomiting
fever
abdominal pain
loss of appetite
dehydration

Signs of dehydration: decrease in urine; dry mouth and throat; dizziness when standing up. A child may cry, with few or no tears, be unusually fussy or sleepy

Complications³⁷

Severe diarrhoea
Dehydration
Kidney and liver abnormalities

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ 2 days³⁶

MUMPS

Viral infection of the salivary glands that is contagious³⁸

How it spreads³⁹

Infection spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose or throat. Can spread through:

coughing
sneezing
sharing eating utensils or items with infected person

Signs and Symptoms⁴⁰

Fever
Headache
Muscle aches
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Swollen and tender salivary glands

Complications⁴¹

Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord⁴
Inflammation of the ovaries and/or inflammation of the breast tissue
Deafness

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ 12 – 25 days⁴⁰

HEPATITIS A

Viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis A⁴²

How it spreads⁴³

The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth^2,3 and/or through contaminated food or water³³

Signs and Symptoms^42,43

Fever
fatigue
loss of appetite
nausea
vomiting
abdominal pain
dark urine
clay-coloured stools
joint pain
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)⁴⁴

Complications⁴³

In rare cases, can cause:

Liver failure
Death.

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:^8a pg 1 15 – 50 days^43b

HEPATITIS B

Viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis B virus⁴⁵

How it spreads⁴⁵

Transmitted from person to person through body fluids
From infected mother to baby during birth
Through blood, blood products or contaminated materials

Signs and Symptoms⁴⁵

Fever
fatigue
loss of appetite
nausea
vomiting
abdominal pain
dark urine
clay-coloured stools
joint pain
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)⁴⁴

Complications⁴⁵

Permanent liver damage
Cancer of the liver

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ An average of 90 days⁴⁵

RUBELLA – ‘GERMAN MEASLES’

Viral infection that is contagious⁴⁶

How it spreads⁴⁷

Coughing or sneezing

Signs and Symptoms⁴⁸

Low grade fever
Headache
Mild pink eye
General discomfort
Swollen and enlarged lymph nodes
Cough
Runny nose

Complications⁴⁹

Brain infections
Bleeding problems
Serious birth defects can occur if a woman is infected during the first trimester of
pregnancy

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ 12 – 23 days⁴⁶

MEASLES

Viral infection: acute and can cause respiratory illness⁵⁰

How it spreads⁵⁰

Spreads by means of droplets or airborne (coughing, breathing or sneezing) from infected person. Remains infectious in the air for up to 2 hours after an infected person leaves the area

Signs and Symptoms⁵⁰

Fever
General feeling of being ill
Cough
Rash spreading from the head to abdomen, to lower extremities
Tiny white spots inside the mouth⁵¹

Complications⁴⁰

Brain damage
Ear infections
Seizures (jerking or staring)
Infection of the lungs¹¹
May lead to death

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸14 days⁵⁰

INFLUENZA – ‘FLU’

Viral infection that is contagious; caused by influenza virus⁵³

How it spreads⁵³

Coughing
Sneezing
Talking

Signs and Symptoms⁵³

Feeling feverish/chills
cough
runny or stuffy nose
muscle or body aches
headache
tiredness

Common in children:

Vomiting
diarrhoea

Complications⁵⁴

Infection of the lungs¹¹
Inflammation of the heart
Inflammation of the brain
Ear infections

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸1 – 4 days⁵³

MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS

Bacterial infection: caused by Neisseria meningitidis ⁵⁵

How it spreads⁵⁵

Spread through exchanging saliva during close contact (kissing or coughing), or lengthy contact like living in the same space (family or roommates)

Signs and Symptoms⁵⁷

Sudden onset of fever
headache
stiff neck
nausea
vomiting
increased sensitivity to light
altered mental status (confusion)

Newborns and infants:
May appear to be slow or inactive; irritable; vomiting; feeding poorly

Complications^58,59

Nervous system problems
Seizures
Brain damage
Learning disabilities
Amputation of limbs
Hearing loss

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸3 – 4 days⁵⁶

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS - ‘HPV’

Viral infection caused by the Human papillomavirus⁶⁰

How it spreads⁶⁰

Sexual contact

Signs and Symptoms⁶¹

No specific symptoms of disease⁶²

Complications^60,61

Genital warts
Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
Vaginal cancer

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸Variable⁶¹

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B - ‘HIB’

Severe bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B. The Infection is common in infants⁶³

How it spreads⁶³

Passed through the area between the nose and throat

Signs and Symptoms⁶³

Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord⁴
Infection of the lungs¹¹
Swelling in the throat that can block airflow⁶⁵
Swollen, sore joints⁶⁶
Bacterial skin infection (red, painful swelling)⁶⁷

Complications⁶³

May lead to fatality despite antimicrobial administration

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:⁸ Variable^63,64

PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE

Bacterial infection caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae ⁶⁸

How it spreads⁶⁹

Person to person through contact with bodily fluid/secretions (e.g. saliva and mucus)

Signs and Symptoms⁷⁰

Infection of the lungs
Fast breathing; cough; chest pain; fever and chills

Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord⁴
Stiff neck; headache; confusion; pain when looking into bright light. In babies, it may cause poor eating or drinking; low alertness and vomiting

Infection of the middle ear
Ear pain; red; swollen ear drums; fever; sleepiness

Complications⁷⁰